Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie FRSL (Hindi: अहमद सलमान रुश्दी, Urdu: احمد سلمان رشدی; born June 19, 1947) is a British-American novelist and essayist. His work, combining magical realism with historical fiction, is primarily concerned with the many connections, disruptions, and migrations between Eastern and Western civilizations, with much of his fiction being set on the Indian subcontinent. His second novel, Midnight's Children (1981), won the Booker Prize in 1981 and was deemed to be “the best novel of all winners” on two occasions, marking the 25th and the 40th anniversary of the prize. His fourth novel, The Satanic Verses (1988), was the subject of a major controversy, provoking protests from Muslims in several countries. Death threats were made against him, including a fatwā calling for his assassination issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who was then the Supreme Leader of Iran, on 14 February 1989. The British government put Rushdie under police protection.